Linux目录结构（Linux文件系统结构）（转载）-白红宇

Linux目录结构（Linux文件系统结构）（转载）

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发布时间：2019-05-25

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Have you wondered why certain programs are located under /bin,or /sbin, or /usr/bin, or /usr/sbin?

For example, less command is located under /usr/bin directory.Why not /bin, or /sbin, or /usr/sbin? What is the different betweenall these directories?

In this article, let us review the Linux filesystem structuresand understand the meaning of individual high-leveldirectories.

1. / – Root

Every single file and directory starts from the rootdirectory.

Only root user has write privilege under this directory.

Please note that /root is root user’s home directory, which isnot same as /.

2. /bin – User Binaries

Contains binary executables.

Common linux commands you need to use in single-user modes arelocated under this directory.

Commands used by all the users of the system are locatedhere.

For example: ps, ls, ping, grep, cp.

3. /sbin – System Binaries

Just like /bin, /sbin also contains binary executables.

But, the linux commands located under this directory are usedtypically by system aministrator, for system maintenancepurpose.

For example: iptables, reboot, fdisk, ifconfig, swapon

4. /etc – Configuration Files

Contains configuration files required by all programs.

This also contains startup and shutdown shell scripts used tostart/stop individual programs.

For example: /etc/resolv.conf, /etc/logrotate.conf

5. /dev – Device Files

Contains device files.

These include terminal devices, usb, or any device attached tothe system.

For example: /dev/tty1, /dev/usbmon0

6. /proc – Process Information

Contains information about system process.

This is a pseudo filesystem contains information about runningprocess. For example: /proc/{pid} directory contains informationabout the process with that particular pid.

This is a virtual filesystem with text information about systemresources. For example: /proc/uptime

7. /var – Variable Files

var stands for variable files.

Content of the files that are expected to grow can be foundunder this directory.

This includes — system log files (/var/log); packages anddatabase files (/var/lib); emails (/var/mail); print queues(/var/spool); lock files (/var/lock); temp files needed acrossreboots (/var/tmp);

8. /tmp – Temporary Files

Directory that contains temporary files created by system andusers.

Files under this directory are deleted when system isrebooted.

9. /usr – User Programs

Contains binaries, libraries, documentation, and source-codefor second level programs.

/usr/bin contains binary files for user programs. If you can’tfind a user binary under /bin, look under /usr/bin. For example:at, awk, cc, less, scp

/usr/sbin contains binary files for system administrators. Ifyou can’t find a system binary under /sbin, look under /usr/sbin.For example: atd, cron, sshd, useradd, userdel